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2005 Annual Report—Federal Reserve Bank of DallasRacing to the Top: How Global Competition Disciplines Public PolicyReducing Inflation's BiteAs globalization has knit the world closer together in recent decades, inflation has fallen sharply in many countries. The seven largest developed nations recorded average annual inflation of 10.2 percent from 1973 to 1983. Since 1995, their average rate has declined to just 1.8 percent a year. (See Exhibit 2) Nearly all theorists recognize that inflation is largely a monetary phenomenon, but globalization changes the economic environment in which central banks operate. In a world where nations compete for investment dollars, the prospect of rapidly rising prices will spark capital flight to countries with more stable money. Central banks can't afford to allow inflation to exceed the global norm. Cheap imports, moreover, have meant bargains for consumers. Forced to match foreign competition, domestic producers lowered costs by improving management, adopting new technologies and buying cheaper inputs overseas. Specialization added efficiencies by allowing labor, capital and other productive factors to flow toward centers of comparative advantage, where they could produce the most output at the lowest relative cost. By exerting monetary discipline and spurring productivity growth, globalization has led to more stable prices. The U.S. has found itself with tamer inflation and faster growth than would have been possible without globalization. A.T. Kearney Inc. and Foreign Policy magazine have developed a globalization index that ranks 62 nations on such factors as openness to trade and investment, Internet access, cross-border communication and travel, and involvement in international organizations. Singapore, Ireland and Switzerland stand out as the world's most globalized nations. The United States ranks a very respectable fourth—off the charts in technology but lagging the leaders in trade, foreign direct investment and treaty commitments. France, Germany and Japan post middling scores, largely because of lingering protectionism. Russia, China, Brazil and India are among the least globalized economies, indicating they still have a long way to go before full integration into the world economy. Nations in the top quarter of the A.T. Kearney rankings did better than those toward the bottom in maintaining sound money, as measured by the Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World index. The United States sits atop the Fraser standings, giving new meaning to the old saw about being sound as a dollar. Other sound money stars include Singapore, Sweden, Denmark and Finland—all highly globalized. Throughout the A.T. Kearney rankings, price stability goes hand in hand with globalization. Nations in the bottom quarter had average inflation of 10 percent from 2001 to 2003. Rates tend to fall as nations globalize, reaching an average 2.3 percent for the top quarter. Although the evils of inflation can't be denied, some governments are still tempted to pump up the money supply as a short-term palliative for sluggish growth, unemployment or ballooning fiscal deficits. When inflation gets out of hand, it erodes the value of money, destroys savings and corrupts the incentives that direct the efficient allocation of resources. Sound money, on the other hand, is an asset to an economy. It provides companies and individuals with a stable unit of value, so decisions about spending, saving and investing can be made on a reliable economic basis. Globalization makes low inflation imperative, but nations have pursued monetary discipline in a variety of ways. The European Union institutionalized German-style monetary policy when it created a continental central bank in 1998 and gave it the sole mandate to maintain low inflation. Mexico, once prone to severe bouts of inflation, achieved its smallest price increases on record in 2005—just 3.3 percent. The process of restoring stable prices began with a 1995 constitutional amendment guaranteeing the central bank's independence from political interference. Ecuador and El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as their currency, effectively putting monetary policy beyond the reach of national leaders. The governor of New Zealand's central bank can be fired for exceeding its inflation target. In the United States, the path to today's low inflation started in the early 1980s, when the Federal Reserve instituted tough policies to drive down double-digit price increases. The payoff has been average inflation of 3 percent a year for two decades. Sound money does a world of good, but a nation's business climate also depends on other policies. Does globalization have an impact beyond keeping inflation in check?
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